SURVEY, INTERVIEWS, CASE STUDIES

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SURVEY
The word survey indicates the gathering of data regarding current conditions. It is concerned with the present and attempts to determine the status of the phenomena under investigation.
Survey is a systematic collection, analysis interpretation and recommendation of facts concerning some aspects of current situation examples: i) Institution ii) Sports, iii) Census.
Survey is concerned with the generalized statistics that result when data are abstracted from a number of individual cases.
The following information can be collected through the survey method.
i) The information of what exists is gathered by studying and analyzing important aspects ofpresent situation.
ii) The informationof what we want, obtainedby clarifying goals, and objectives.
iii) The information of how to get these are collected throughdiscovering the possible means of achieving the goals
Survey methods of Research takes the following forms: a) questionnaires b) personal interviews c) phone surveys andd) normative surveys.
(1) SURVEYS BY QUESTIONNAIRE
" Questionnaire is a systematic compilation of question that is administered to a sample of population from which information isdesired"
A questionnaire is a valuable tool for collecting information directly given by a person. Such information may consist of personal knowledge, likes and dislikes values and preferences, attitudes and beliefs, experiences and existing status or things and events.
A questionnaire is either administered personally to a group of individuals or it is mailed to them to save a great deal of time and money in travel. By administering the questionnaire personally, investigator has no opportunity to establish rapport with the respondents. In this type he can explain the purpose of the study to the respondents and he can explain the meaning and sense of the question that may be clear to them. The technique of mailed questionnaire is adopted when the individuals from whom he desires information cannot always be contacted personally or an unfavourable reaction which it generates among the respondents to answer questions from strangers on the subject in which they are interested.
(2) SURVEY BY INTERVIEW
The process of communication or interaction in which the subject gives the needed information verbally in a face to face situation is known as interviews. Interview is used in order to get information about likes, dislikes, appreciation or rejection by a respondent.
The interview is in a sense of oral questionnaire. Instead of writing the response, the subject or interviewee gives the needed information orally and face-to-face. A carefully planned and well conducted interviews makes a high-ranking sportsmen or sports official open up matters that may be personal as well as official.
Certain types of information can be secured only by direct contact with people. The interview may permit obtaining confidential information. The personal contact has the advantage of drawing out the informant by on-the-sport follow-up questions, which is not possible through a formal questionnaire.
B) CASE STUDY
Definitions
" Case study is a method of exploring and analyzing the life of a social unit-be that unit a person, a family, Institution, culture group, or even an entire community" -P.V.Young.
Actually case study means a study in depth. Here depth means to explore all peculiarities of case. In a case study, the researcher attempts to examine an individual or unit in depth. The unit may be an individual, a family, a school, an institution or a play-ground. The researcher gathers pertinent data about the present status, post experiences, and environment forces that contribute to the behaviour of the individual or unit, and how these factors relate to one another. The main idea of case study is to know the reality, to ascertain weaknesses and strengths and finally to bring aboutdesirable changes or improvements.
A case study is conducted into three phases
1.     Retrospective
It refers to the post records of the case completely.
2. Prospective phase
It refers to the present status of the case.
3.   Consecutive phase
It refers to the futuredevelopment and improvement of the case.
Steps in the case study technique
The researcher should adopt the following steps when undertaking research using the case study.
(1)           Selection of cases
The initial step in a case study is to define the nature of the strength or weakness to be studied and to select the cases or cases most exemplary of the factors studied.
(2) Determining status of the phenomenon
The status of the phenomenon under investigation must be determined either by direct observation or measurement.
(3) Hypothesis
After determining the status of the phenomenon the researcher should formulate a tentative hypothesis which will be guide him fordata collection on the individual cases.
(4) Data collection
Data collected by the researcher should be such that is relevant to his problem. Data may be gathered by a wide variety of methods, including.
 (a) Observation by the researcher or his or her informants of physical characteristics, social qualities or behaviour.
(b) Interviews with the subject(s), relatives, friends, teachers, Counsellors and others. (questionnaires, opinionnaires, psychological tests and inventories).
(c) Record data from newspapers, schools, courts, clinics, government agencies, or other sources.
Kinds of data needed for the case study
(1) Social and family back ground.
(2) Physical status and history.
(3) Psychological status and history.
(4) Educational status, marks and reports.
(5) Personal Documents.
(6) Responses of Related persons.
(7) Official Records.
(8) Life history Records.
(5) Analysis and Interpretation of data
In this step the investigator will evaluate the data collected, compares data with post experiences and norms, and should reach decision.
LIMITATION OF CASE STUDY
(I) It is difficult to study objectively
(2) There is difficult in formulation of hypotheses.
(3) The data of information are not collected in a systematic order.
(4) The statistical information cannot be drawn.
(5) Parents and relatives do not like to mention the weakness of the case or individual.
(6) It is more consuming and costly method.
(7) It does not contribute to new knowledge and field studied.

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